Coffee Alkaloid and Muscle Health: The Role of Trigonelline
As we age, maintaining muscle health becomes increasingly important, particularly in preventing conditions like sarcopenia, which significantly impact mobility and quality of life
A recent study published in Nature Metabolism explored the link between serum levels of trigonelline — a natural alkaloid found in coffee and fenugreek — and muscle health. This research shows how trigonelline can be pivotal in muscle function, particularly sarcopenia and ageing.
Understanding Sarcopenia and Muscle Health
— Sarcopenia
Sarcopenia is a progressive, generalised skeletal muscle disorder characterised by the accelerated loss of muscle mass and function. This condition primarily affects older adults and is associated with adverse outcomes such as physical disability, poor quality of life, and increased mortality. Sarcopenia is recognised as a major factor contributing to frailty, a clinical syndrome marked by decreased reserve and resistance to stressors, resulting in vulnerability to adverse health outcomes.
Characteristics and Symptoms
Muscle Atrophy: A noticeable reduction in muscle mass.
Reduced Muscle Function: Decline in muscle strength and endurance.
Increased Risk of Falls and Fractures: Weak muscles lead to instability and a higher likelihood of falls, which can cause serious injuries.
Risk Factors
Ageing: Natural age-related decline in muscle mass and strength.
Physical Inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle accelerates muscle loss.
Poor Nutrition: Inadequate protein and calorie intake can impair muscle maintenance and growth.
Chronic Diseases: Conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are linked to higher sarcopenia risk.
Inflammation: Chronic low-grade inflammation can exacerbate muscle degradation.
Effect of Sarcopenia on Bone Mass
Sarcopenia does not only affect muscle mass and strength but also has significant implications for bone health. The relationship between muscle and bone is closely intertwined, as muscle forces stimulate bone formation and maintenance through mechanical loading.
Decreased Bone Density
Sarcopenia is associated with a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD), increasing the risk of osteoporosis — a condition characterised by brittle and fragile bones. This relationship is due to several factors:
Reduced Mechanical Load: As muscle mass and strength decline, the mechanical forces exerted on bones during physical activity decrease. This reduction in load-bearing activity leads to decreased bone formation and increased bone resorption.
Altered Hormonal Balance: Sarcopenia often coincides with hormonal changes, such as decreased levels of growth hormone, testosterone, and oestrogen, which are critical for maintaining bone health.
Increased Fracture Risk
Reduced muscle strength and decreased bone density significantly heighten the risk of fractures. Falls, which are more common in individuals with sarcopenia due to muscle weakness and balance issues, can result in fractures, particularly of the hip, spine, and wrist. These fractures can lead to severe complications, including prolonged immobility, loss of independence, and increased mortality.
Impact on Metabolic Health
Beyond its effects on muscle and bone, sarcopenia can also influence metabolic health. Reduced muscle mass is associated with insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidaemia, contributing to the development of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. Addressing sarcopenia through lifestyle interventions such as exercise and nutrition can improve metabolic parameters and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
Importance of Addressing Sarcopenia
Maintaining muscle mass and strength is crucial for older adults to perform daily activities independently. Simple tasks such as walking, climbing stairs, and carrying groceries require adequate muscle function.
Reducing Health Risks
Sarcopenia is associated with several health risks, including:
Falls and Fractures: Weak muscles and impaired balance increase the likelihood of falls and subsequent fractures, leading to prolonged hospital stays and decreased mobility.
Metabolic Disorders: Reduced muscle mass can impair glucose metabolism, increasing the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Cardiovascular Health: Poor muscle health is linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Enhancing Quality of Life
Preventing or managing sarcopenia can significantly enhance the quality of life for older adults by:
Improving Mobility: Better muscle function leads to greater mobility and independence.
Enhancing Mental Well-being: Physical activity and muscle strength contribute to better mental health, reducing the risk of depression and cognitive decline.
Promoting Longevity: Maintaining muscle health is associated with increased lifespan and healthier ageing.
— Muscle Health
Importance of Optimum Protein Intake
Protein is essential for muscle maintenance and repair. As we age, our ability to synthesise protein decreases, making adequate protein intake even more critical. Key benefits of optimal protein consumption include:
Preserving Muscle Mass: Protein provides amino acids for muscle repair and growth.
Enhancing Muscle Strength: Optimal protein intake improves muscle strength and function.
Supporting Recovery: Proteins aid in the recovery of muscles post-exercise, which is essential for preventing muscle atrophy.
Proteins and Their Role in Health
Proteins are vital macronutrients composed of amino acids, which are the building blocks of our body. They play several key roles:
Health:
Muscle Repair and Growth: Proteins repair damaged tissues and support muscle growth.
Immune Function: Antibodies, which are proteins, help fight infections.
Enzyme Production: Enzymes are proteins that catalyse biochemical reactions essential for metabolism and other bodily functions.
Mental Health:
Neurotransmitter Production: Amino acids from proteins are precursors to neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, which regulate mood and cognitive functions.
Stress Response: Adequate protein intake helps maintain hormonal balance, including stress hormones.
Sleep:
Tryptophan: Found in protein-rich foods, tryptophan, is a precursor to serotonin and melatonin, which regulate sleep patterns.
Energy Levels: Balanced protein intake helps maintain stable blood sugar levels, improving sleep quality.
Enzymes
Enzymes are specialised proteins that facilitate nearly all biological reactions in the body. They require a constant supply of amino acids for their synthesis and function. Enzymes are involved in:
Digestion: Breaking down food into absorbable nutrients.
Metabolism: Regulating metabolic pathways for energy production.
Detoxification: Processing and eliminating toxins from the body.
Trigonelline: Definition and Health Impact
Trigonelline is a natural alkaloid primarily found in coffee and fenugreek. It has several health benefits, including:
Antioxidant Properties: Trigonelline helps neutralise free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
Neuroprotective Effects: Trigonelline may protect against neurodegenerative diseases by supporting healthy brain function.
Anti-Diabetic Potential: Trigonelline can improve insulin sensitivity and regulate blood sugar levels.
Impact on Muscle Health
The study published in Nature Metabolism highlighted that serum trigonelline levels are reduced in individuals with sarcopenia. Trigonelline's ability to convert to NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) enhances cellular energy production and mitochondrial function, crucial for maintaining muscle strength and health.
Importance of NAD+:
NAD+ is a coenzyme found in all living cells, essential for:
Energy Metabolism: NAD+ is pivotal in cellular respiration, converting nutrients into ATP, the primary energy currency of cells.
DNA Repair: It plays a critical role in repairing damaged DNA, thus maintaining cellular health.
Ageing: Higher NAD+ levels are associated with increased lifespan and improved cellular function.
Coffee: The Good, the Bad, and the "Ugly"
The Good:
Antioxidants: Organic 100% Arabica coffee is rich in antioxidants, which combat oxidative stress and reduce inflammation.
Mental Alertness: In moderation, caffeine in coffee improves focus, alertness, and cognitive function.
Physical Performance: Caffeine can enhance physical performance by increasing adrenaline levels and improving muscle contraction efficiency.
The Bad:
Dependence: Regular consumption of caffeine can lead to dependence and withdrawal symptoms like headaches and fatigue.
Digestive Issues: High coffee intake can cause gastrointestinal problems, such as acid reflux and stomach ulcers.
The "Ugly":
Adenosine and Sleep: Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors, a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep, potentially leading to sleep disturbances and insomnia.
Stress and Anxiety: Excessive caffeine can increase stress and anxiety levels by stimulating the release of stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline.
Findings of the Study
The study published in Nature Metabolism investigated the relationship between serum trigonelline levels and muscle health, focusing on individuals with sarcopenia. The key findings include:
Reduced Serum Trigonelline Levels in Sarcopenia:
Individuals with sarcopenia exhibited significantly lower levels of serum trigonelline compared to those without the condition. This suggests that trigonelline might play a role in preventing or managing sarcopenia.
Trigonelline’s Role in NAD+ Conversion:
Trigonelline can convert to NAD+, a coenzyme essential for energy metabolism and cellular health. By increasing NAD+ levels, trigonelline can support/improve mitochondrial function.
Positive Link Between Serum Trigonelline Levels and Muscle Strength and Mitochondrial Function
The study found a positive correlation between serum trigonelline levels, muscle strength and mitochondrial function. Higher trigonelline levels were associated with better muscle performance and improved mitochondrial health.
Practical Implications
The study’s findings suggest that increasing trigonelline intake could be beneficial for individuals, particularly those with sarcopenia or older adults looking to support muscle health during ageing. Here’s how trigonelline can be incorporated practically:
Dietary Sources:
Coffee: Regular consumption of organic 100% Arabica coffee can support trigonelline levels. However, it’s important to consider the potential effects of caffeine and ensure moderate consumption.
Fenugreek: This herb is another good source of trigonelline and can be included in various recipes.
Supplements:
For individuals who may not consume coffee or fenugreek regularly, trigonelline supplements could be an alternative to consider, especially under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Holistic Approach to Muscle Health:
While trigonelline shows promise, it should be part of a broader strategy that includes regular physical activity, resistance training, adequate protein intake, and overall balanced nutrition to support muscle health.
Conclusion
The study published in Nature Metabolism highlights the potential of trigonelline, a natural alkaloid found in coffee, in supporting muscle health, particularly in ageing populations.
By positively influencing NAD+ levels and mitochondrial function, trigonelline could be beneficial in managing conditions like sarcopenia. Alongside this, ensuring adequate protein intake and understanding the broader implications of coffee consumption can contribute significantly to overall health, mental well-being, and sleep quality.
Study Reference:
Membrez, M. Migliavacca, E. Christen, S. et al. (2024). Trigonelline is an NAD+ precursor that improves muscle function during ageing and is reduced in human sarcopenia. Nature Metabolism. 6(3), pp. 433-447. doi:10.1038/s42255-024-00997-x
References
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